{"id":349,"date":"2012-04-17T20:00:19","date_gmt":"2012-04-17T20:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/public-health-kompakt.frappant.ch\/?page_id=349"},"modified":"2026-05-17T16:08:25","modified_gmt":"2026-05-17T16:08:25","slug":"kap-9-4-infektionskrankheiten-impfungen-und-andere-praventive-masnahmen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/kapitel-9\/kap-9-4-infektionskrankheiten-impfungen-und-andere-praventive-masnahmen\/","title":{"rendered":"Kap. 9.4 Impfungen und andere pr\u00e4ventive Ma\u00dfnahmen"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Philipp Jent, Heimo Lagler, Christian Gatterer, Christian Althaus, Cornelia Staehelin<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-style-plain is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Impfungen z\u00e4hlen zu den wirksamsten pr\u00e4ventiven Ma\u00dfnahmen der modernen Medizin und haben ma\u00dfgeblich zur Eind\u00e4mmung oder Ausrottung zahlreicher Infektionskrankheiten mit hoher Krankheitslast beigetragen, darunter Pocken, Poliomyelitis, Masern oder Hepatitis B. Die aktive Immunisierung spielt dabei die zentrale Rolle, indem sie durch die Verabreichung von Antigenen eine langfristige Immunantwort ausl\u00f6st. Die passive Immunisierung mit fertigen Antik\u00f6rpern bietet hingegen nur einen kurzfristigen Schutz und wird gezielt eingesetzt, etwa bei Exposition besonders gef\u00e4hrdeter Personen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Deutschland, \u00d6sterreich und der Schweiz werden Impfempfehlungen von nationalen Expert:innengremien erarbeitet und regelm\u00e4\u00dfig aktualisiert. Unterschieden werden Standardimpfungen f\u00fcr die gesamte Bev\u00f6lkerung, Indikationsimpfungen f\u00fcr Risikogruppen oder besondere Expositionssituationen sowie erg\u00e4nzende Impfungen, die prim\u00e4r dem individuellen Schutz dienen. Voraussetzung f\u00fcr eine Impfempfehlung sind Wirksamkeit, Sicherheit, Kosteneffizienz sowie eine praktikable Umsetzung. Die Impfwirksamkeit und m\u00f6gliche Nebenwirkungen werden systematisch \u00fcberwacht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neben Impfungen spielen weitere pr\u00e4ventive Ma\u00dfnahmen eine wichtige Rolle. Dazu geh\u00f6ren die Chemoprophylaxe, etwa zur Vermeidung postoperativer Infektionen, sowie Standardhygienema\u00dfnahmen wie H\u00e4ndehygiene, Isolationsma\u00dfnahmen und populationsbezogene Strategien (z. B. Quarant\u00e4ne oder Social Distancing). Diese Ma\u00dfnahmen erg\u00e4nzen sich gegenseitig und sind entscheidend f\u00fcr die Kontrolle und Pr\u00e4vention von Infektionskrankheiten auf individueller und gesellschaftlicher Ebene.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Internationale Organisationen<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\">Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/strategies\/ia2030\">Immunization Agenda 2030: A Global Strategy to Leave No One Behind<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/policies\/position-papers\">WHO Vaccine Position Papers<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2025\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/groups\/strategic-advisory-group-of-experts-on-immunization\">Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE)<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/strategies\/global-vaccine-action-plan\">Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/essential-programme-on-immunization\">Essential Programme on Immunization<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/initiatives\/global-influenza-surveillance-and-response-system\">WHO\/UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/measles-and-rubella-strategic-framework-2021-2030\">Measles and rubella strategic framework: 2021-2030<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/integrated-health-services\/infection-prevention-control\">Infection prevention and control<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/research-analysis\/health-topics\/vaccine-coverage\">Vaccine coverage<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Global Polio Eradication Initiative. <a href=\"https:\/\/polioeradication.org\/\">Eradicate Polio Now<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gavi. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gavi.org\/?gad_source=1&amp;gad_campaignid=15510759284&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjw4a3OBhCHARIsAChaqJPZrL0rb15eoGrHXZUGMbZmSFiCppQinu-w0ezoKDdBsNgjoTWIWwkaAlIZEALw_wcB\">The Global Vaccine Alliance<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). <a href=\"https:\/\/cepi.net\/\">Home page<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UNRIC &#8211; Regionales Informationszentrum der Vereinten Nationen. <a href=\"https:\/\/unric.org\/de\/17012022covax\/\">COVAX hat \u00fcber eine Milliarde Impfdosen verteilt<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/vaccine-preventable-diseases\">Vaccine-preventable diseases<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). <a href=\"https:\/\/vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu\/\">Vaccine Scheduler: Vaccine schedules in all countries in the EU\/EEA<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/immunisation-vaccines\/immunisation-information-systems\">Information systems to record information about vaccination<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"623\" height=\"748\" src=\"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/grafik-10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7712\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.8329098276217293;width:479px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/grafik-10.png 623w, https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/grafik-10-250x300.png 250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quelle: <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/data-insights\/the-global-eradication-of-polio-is-within-reach\">Our World in Data<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a name=\"LQ\"><\/a>Nationale Quellen<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Schweiz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bundesamt f\u00fcr Gesundheit (BAG). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bag.admin.ch\/de\/schweizerischer-impfplan\">Schweizerischer Impfplan<\/a>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bundesamt f\u00fcr Gesundheit (BAG). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bag.admin.ch\/de\/richtlinien-und-empfehlungen-zu-impfungen-und-prophylaxe\">Richtlinien und Empfehlungen zu Impfungen und Prophylaxe<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bag.admin.ch\/de\/eidgenoessische-kommission-fuer-impffragen-ekif\">Eidgen\u00f6ssische Kommission f\u00fcr Impffragen (EKIF)<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.infovac.ch\/de\/\">Infovac<\/a> Die Informationsplattform f\u00fcr Impffragen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d6sterreich<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sozialministerium.at\/Themen\/Gesundheit\/Impfen\/Impfplan-%C3%96sterreich.html\">Impfplan \u00d6sterreich<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sozialministerium.gv.at\/Themen\/Gesundheit\/Impfen.html\">Impfen<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deutschland<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Themen\/Infektionskrankheiten\/Impfen\/Impfkalender\/impfkalender-node.html\">Impfkalender<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Themen\/Infektionskrankheiten\/Impfen\/Staendige-Impfkommission\/staendige-impfkommission-node.html\">St\u00e4ndige Impfkommission<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Themen\/Infektionskrankheiten\/Impfen\/Impfungen-A-Z\/COVID-19\/COVID-19.html\">Schutzimpfung gegen COVID-19<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deutsches Gr\u00fcnes Kreuz. <a href=\"https:\/\/dgk.de\/fachleute\/dgk-fachnewsletter\/handbuch-der-impfpraxis-20192020.html\">Handbuch der Impfpraxis<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Tropenmedizin und Internationale Gesundheit e.V. <a href=\"https:\/\/dtg.org\/empfehlungen-und-leitlinien\/\">Empfehlungen und Leitlinien<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literatur<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fine PEM. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/8174658\/\">Herd immunity: history, theory, practice<\/a>. <em>Epidemiol Rev.<\/em> 1993;15(2):265\u2013302. Fine P, Eames K, Heymann DL. \u201cHerd Immunity\u201d: a rough guide. <em>Clin Infect Dis.<\/em> 2011;52(7):911\u2013916.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orenstein WA, Bernier RH, Dondero TJ, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3879673\/\">Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy<\/a>. <em>Bull World Health Organ.<\/em> 1985;63(6):1055\u20131068. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Halloran ME, Haber M, Longini IM Jr, Struchiner CJ. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/1899778\/\">Direct and indirect effects in vaccine efficacy and effectiveness<\/a>. <em>Am J Epidemiol.<\/em> 1991;133(4):323\u2013331. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Halloran ME, Struchiner CJ, Longini IM Jr. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9384199\/\">Study designs for evaluating different efficacy and effectiveness aspects of vaccines<\/a>. <em>Am J Epidemiol.<\/em> 1997;146(10):789\u2013803. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DMD, Paterson P. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24598724\/\">Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination<\/a>. <em>Vaccine.<\/em> 2014;32(19):2150\u20132159. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MacDonald NE; SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25896383\/\">Vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. <\/a><em>Vaccine.<\/em> 2015;33(34):4161\u20134164. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brewer NT, Chapman GB, Rothman AJ, Leask J, Kempe A. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25896383\/\">Increasing vaccination: putting psychological science into action. <\/a><em>Psychol Sci Public Interest.<\/em> 2018;18(3):149\u2013207. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de Figueiredo A, Simas C, Karafillakis E, Paterson P, Larson HJ. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32919524\/\">Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence<\/a>. <em>Lancet.<\/em> 2020;396(10255):898\u2013908. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plotkin SA. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20463105\/\">Correlates of protection induced by vaccination<\/a>. <em>Clin Vaccine Immunol.<\/em> 2010;17(7):1055\u20131065.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11073019\/\">Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene<\/a>. <em>Lancet.<\/em> 2000;356(9238):1307\u20131312. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sax H, Allegranzi B, U\u00e7kay I, Larson E, Boyce J, Pittet D. \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17719685\/\">My five moments for hand hygiene\u2019: a user-centred design approach to understand, train, monitor and report hand hygiene<\/a>. <em>J Hosp Infect.<\/em> 2007;67(1):9\u201321. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23327981\/\">Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery<\/a>. <em>Am J Health Syst Pharm.<\/em> 2013;70(3):195\u2013283. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Righi E, Mutters NT, Guirao X, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36566836\/\">ESCMID\/EUCIC clinical practice guidelines on perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in patients colonized by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria before surgery<\/a>. <em>Clin Microbiol Infect.<\/em> 2023;29(4):463\u2013479. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34379922\/\">Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women<\/a>. <em>N Engl J Med.<\/em> 2021;385(7):595\u2013608. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32497510\/\">Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis<\/a>. <em>Lancet.<\/em> 2020;395(10242):1973\u20131987.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flaxman S, Mishra S, Gandy A, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32512579\/\">Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe<\/a>.<em>Nature.<\/em> 2020;584(7820):257\u2013261. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ferguson NM, Cummings DAT, Fraser C, et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16642006\/\">Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic<\/a>. <em>Nature.<\/em> 2006;442(7101):448\u2013452. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lehrb\u00fccher<a name=\"IZT\"><\/a> und Berichte<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Orenstein WA, Offit PA, Edwards KM, Plotkin SA, editors. <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.elsevier.com\/books\/plotkins-vaccines\/orenstein\/978-0-323-79058-1\">Plotkin\u2019s vaccines. 8th edition<\/a>. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Je\u017eek Z, Ladnyi ID. <a href=\"https:\/\/iris.who.int\/items\/ba4ab312-1c43-4304-8235-969979499717\">Smallpox and Its Eradication<\/a>. Genf: WHO; 1988.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization, editor. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241597906\">WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge: clean care is safer care<\/a>. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Patient Safety; 2009.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Philipp Jent, Heimo Lagler, Christian Gatterer, Christian Althaus, Cornelia Staehelin Impfungen z\u00e4hlen zu den wirksamsten pr\u00e4ventiven Ma\u00dfnahmen der modernen Medizin und haben ma\u00dfgeblich zur Eind\u00e4mmung oder Ausrottung zahlreicher Infektionskrankheiten mit hoher Krankheitslast beigetragen, darunter Pocken, Poliomyelitis, Masern oder Hepatitis B. Die aktive Immunisierung spielt dabei die zentrale Rolle, indem sie durch die Verabreichung von Antigenen [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":29,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-349","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/349","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=349"}],"version-history":[{"count":78,"href":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/349\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7743,"href":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/349\/revisions\/7743"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/29"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.public-health-kompakt.ch\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=349"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}